Trawls, longlines, and fishing poles, oh my!

I am always eager to learn more about seafood and the state of our country’s fisheries.  Last week, thanks to the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, I was able to attend a week-long course titled Fins, Fishes, and Fisheries at Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory.  One of the focuses of the week was different fishing methods commonly used in commercial fisheries.  Myself and 18 other educators were able to go out on a research vessel and use the three most common fishing gears used in the Gulf of Mexico (trawls, longlines, and fishing poles) and discuss the sustainability of each gear type. 

Otter trawls and longlines are the most commonly used fishing gear in commercial fisheries.  Trawls are large nets dragged behind boats.  They have large wooden doors and a “tickle chain;” the doors help keep the net weighed down while the chain skips along the ocean bottom, scaring up creatures into the net.  

Our Research vessel       

Pulling in the trawl.  Photo by Cindy Peden

In the Gulf of Mexico, otter trawls are used in the shrimp fishery.  One of the biggest issues with bottom trawls is bycatch, or anything caught other than the target species. Below is a photo of everything our trawl caught.

Photo by Cindy Peden

Out of all those fish, we only caught a pound or two of shrimp.  As you can see in the picture below, it isn’t very much compared to the hundreds of pounds of fish the trawl pulled in.

We did get to see some interesting animals pulled in by the trawl, including Bay Squid, Atlantic Croaker, Spot, Spanish Mackerel, a gravid Blue Crab, and a Butterfly Ray.

Spot

Bay Squid

Gravid Blue Crab

Butterfly Ray

We even caught a remora, or a shark sucker.  I couldn’t resist trying to get this little fish to attach to my arm. It felt a little like a rubber suction cup.

Photo by Susan Howell

Thanks to the quick sorting by the Dauphin Island research staff, some of the bycatch was able to go back into the water alive.  However, most of it died, and unfortunately that is the norm.  The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that approximately 19 million pounds of bycatch is discarded as dead or dying, each year worldwide.  

After trawling, we put out the longlines, a central line that has hundreds of hooks hanging in the water column.  It is very similar to the trotlining TNACI does for Lake Sturgeon monitoring.  Longlines are commonly used for large pelagic species of fish, such as tuna, mahi mahi, and swordfish.

Longlines

Mackerel Heads

We baited the longlines with mackerel heads and Atlantic Croaker and put out one mile of 1,000 pound test line with hooks at 60 foot intervals.  Commercial fishermen often deploy over 60 miles of hooks.

Spool of 1,000 pound test line.

Bycatch is also a problem with longline fishing.  While fishermen may be going after tuna or swordfish, sharks are commonly caught.  On the R/V Alabama Discover, we were actually targeting sharks to assist in research.  We caught two species, a Blacknose Shark and a seven foot Hammerhead Shark.  We tagged the Blacknose Shark, but the Hammerhead got away before we could tag it.  When a seven foot long fish that has lots of teeth starts struggling, you let it go!

Blacknose Shark

Hammerhead Shark.  Photo by Connie Gusmus.

Measuring the Hammerhead.  Photo by Lauren Morin

Lastly, we got to partake in one of the oldest fishing methods, pole and line fishing. Not only is this an ancient way to fish, it is also the most sustainable.  Only one or two fish can be caught at a time, and any bycatch can  usually be returned to the water alive.  Since this was the last day of Red Snapper season, that's what we were going for.

Susan Howell, a mathematics professor from University of Southern Mississippi with a Red Snapper.

While in Alabama, it was sobering to see some of the challenges facing fisheries management.  Communities on the Gulf are very reliant on fisheries for their income.  If this resource is not managed effectively, then many people will lose their jobs and livelihoods.  Currently, fisheries are very species specific, with fishermen only going after one species of fish on their boat.  Many of the species that are caught as bycatch in the shrimp fishery are important in other commercial fisheries, including Atlantic Croaker, Sardines, and Anchovies.  While we did not catch a sea turtle, we did see a few near our fishing areas.  Sea turtles are often caught by bottom trawls as the graze for food.  In the U.S., fishermen must use Turtle Exclusion Devices (TEDs).  Some fishermen also use Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs) to minimize finfish bycatch.  The takeaway message is that it is essential that we support U.S. fisheries due to the management regimes in place and to support our local fishermen.  However, continued research is necessary to ensure that the stocks we exploit for food are around for our grandchildren to enjoy.  

The Importance of Local Seafood

While some of my TNACI colleagues do research in rivers and streams of the southeastern U.S., much of my research is done in restaurants and grocery stores.  As a seafood scientist, I am always interested in what fish and shellfish food service providers offer, where the fish is from, and how it was harvested.  And there is nothing that I enjoy more than sampling the local seafood wherever I go.  This past week I went to Pensacola, Florida.  Not only was I looking forward to eating some local seafood in restaurants, I was also determined to visit a fish market and bring some home with me.

While there, I was reminded how far we have strayed from the concept of eating locally.  Many seafood restaurants’ specials were fish that were not from the Gulf of Mexico, or even from the U.S.  Atlantic Salmon, which is usually farmed in Chile, Norway or Scotland, was the species that I saw on menus most commonly that I couldn’t help but be a little disappointed.  If I had visited northern California or Alaska, I would have been excited at the prospect of eating Pacific Salmon: not in Florida.  Depending on the restaurant, however, there was a plethora of local fish available for me to enjoy, including Triggerfish, Flounder, Yellowtail Snapper, Oysters, and Blue Crab.

Crab stuffed Flounder

Steamed Blue Crab claws

Baked Yellowtail Snapper

At the end of my trip, I was looking forward to bringing some local flavor home with me.  There was one large seafood market that many people recommended I visit.  Upon arrival the sign advertised a “wide selection of fish from the Gulf.”  When I entered, I was quickly disappointed.  Over half of the selection of fish was not even from the U.S.  Seafood from the Gulf of Mexico was limited to Blue Crab, Grouper, Shrimp, Amberjack, and Mahi Mahi.  The rest of the counter was graced with Atlantic Salmon, Pacific Swordfish, Asian Tilapia, Basa (an Asian catfish also known as Swai), among many others.  I left, disheartened.  I drove around until I saw another, much smaller, seafood market, and decided to stop in for a comparison.

I walked in to Maria’s Seafood and was immediately excited about the selection of fish.  Ninety percent of it was from the Gulf of Mexico.  The place smelled clean and fresh and I was excited to get started selecting fish to fill the cooler I had brought with me.  The fishmonger spent 20 minutes with me, helping me select the best fish and the best fillets for me to take home.  This store took great pride in their local fresh seafood and it showed in the care they gave their customers and fish.

Fresh seafood collection: Mullet, Bream, Flounder, and Speckled Sea Trout.

Cutting a Yellowfin Tuna steak from a fish that was caught in the Gulf of Mexico.

Florida seafood species

Me and Rita, my fishmonger.

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Why, you may ask, am I so picky about where my seafood is from?  There are several reasons.  The first is the rigorousness of U.S. fisheries management; we are one of the best countries in the world.  Globally, 30% of fisheries are overexploited, whereas in the U.S. only 20% are overexploited.  In addition, being a locavore is much more preferable when it comes to seafood.  Carbon dioxide emissions from transportation are contributing to global climate change.  It’s also a great cultural experience to indulge in local cuisine.  Eating salmon in Florida is like going to China and ordering a Big Mac.  So, the next time you venture to the coast, ask your server what is caught locally, take pride in your country’s seafood, and explore the flavors that are unique to that area. 

Goldline Darters in Alabama

Brett Albanese, Lucas Hix, and Chris Yator from Georgia Department of Natural Resources and Evan Collins of TNACI.

     Last week TNACI biologists Bernie Kuhajda and Evan Collins met Georgia Department of Natural Resources biologists Brett Albanese, Lucas Hix, and Chris Yator on the Cahaba River in Alabama in search of federally threatened Goldline Darters (Percina aurolineata); this species gets its name from the gold line above the black blotches along its side. It is endemic to the Mobile Basin and is restricted to the Cahaba River in central Alabama and the Coosawattee River in northern Georgia. The study is looking for genetic differences between the Alabama and Georgia populations of this very rare fish. A small piece of fin tissue was removed from each specimen that will be used for genetic analysis by professor Steve Powers at Roanoke College in Virginia. The group was able to catch 56 Goldline Darters from 8 localities, most in shallow water flowing over gravel and larger rock (cobble). Forty additional fish species were also collected; the Cahaba River is the most diverse river for its size in the United States, with 130 species of fishes recorded.

Goldline Darters (Percina aurolineata) with the lower specimen showing the gold line above lateral blotches. These six were all collected in one seine haul!

Collecting for Goldline Darters in the Cahaba River at Piper and in Schultz Creek.

Our first site was the Cahaba River in the town of Centreville, where 34 species of fishes were collected, including several Goldline Darters.  This site is very diverse for fishes as it sits on the Fall Line, an area that separates the upland to the north (Valley and Ridge province) with the lowlands the south (Coastal Plain province) and therefore has both upland and lowland fish species. This is the most downstream site for Goldline Darters. Other fishes collected are shown below.

Male Greenbreast (above) and Rock Darters (below) (Etheostoma jordani and E. rupestre) found in shallow fast water with gravel and larger rocks.

Nuptial male Tricolored Shiner (Cyprinella trichroistia) with breeding

tubercles on top of head and snout.

Similar-looking common Mimic Shiner (Notropis volucellus, top) and federally endangered Cahaba Shiner (N. cahabae, bottom); note Cahaba Shiner lacks downward expansion of lateral stripe just before base of tail and darker tail (caudal) spot.

We collected Goldline Darters upstream in the Cahaba River proper at four other sites with the most individuals (20) collected near Helena approximately 40 miles upstream from Centreville. We tried to get Goldline Darters from their most upstream site in the Cahaba (another 8 miles upstream from Helena) but were unsuccessful.

Goldline Darters were also found in all tributaries where they are known from, including Schultz and Shades creeks and the Little Cahaba River. The largest population is in Shades Creek (13 specimens collected), which was just discovered in 2006 along with federally endangered Cahaba Shiners (Notropis cahabae). Before this discovery Shades Creek had been considered polluted and only a few tolerant fish species were known from upstream localities.

Updates on the results of the genetics study will be posted when available!



We caught this Alabama Map Turtle making a nest and laying eggs. Very cool!

Shades Creek site was just discovered in 2006 to have Goldline Darters as well as Cahaba Shiners!

Fish Biology at Mountain Lake Biological Station

This summer, I’m spending a few weeks out of Chattanooga and in the woods!  I’m co-teaching a course on the Biology and Conservation of Fishes at the Mountain Lake Biological Station (MLBS).  MLBS was founded in 1929 by the University of Virginia and is located in southwestern Virginia, about 30 minutes outside of Blacksburg.  Biological field stations are really important places for research and education.  Most stations offer summer courses like ours, and they also provide space for students and scientists to study natural processes, often in remote settings.

Lewis Hall, the main teaching and research building at MLBS. 

MLBS sits on ~650 acres on top of the 3800 foot Salt Pond Mountain, right on the Eastern Continental Divide.  We’re surrounded by 100,000 acres of the Jefferson National Forest in addition to private land managed and protected by the Mountain Lake Conservancy.  It’s a great place to study ichthyology, because some of our mountain streams drain to the Gulf of Mexico through the New or Tennessee rivers, while other streams drain to the Chesapeake Bay through the James River, or directly to the Atlantic through the Roanoke River.  Each of these different drainages has lots of unique fish species, which means our students have a lot of diversity to study without having to drive very far.

Dr. Dave Neely leading a discussion of fish diversity in the New River drainage. 

Snorkeling in the South Fork Roanoke River.  I'm impressed at how long some students stayed in without wetsuits!

Classes at a field station are an incredible experience because they’re so immersive.  Almost every waking moment can be devoted to biology.  During the day, we’ll have lectures, small group work, lab, or my favorite, field time.  We’ve hiked from the station about 1500 feet down the mountain until we reached an elevation where the streams held native brook trout; a small waterfall keeps them from getting father upstream.  We’ve conducted field labs where our students have used different methods to learn how to estimate the population size of certain fish species in a stream.  In the evenings, we’ll gather for seminars from other researchers or just work in the lab to help students learn how to identify fish.  And we often get totally absorbed in our work, which is why we’re grateful to hear the dining hall bell ring to remind us it’s time to eat… though we still often talk about biology through every meal.

It's not just about fish--we saw this mink next to the South Fork Roanoke River.

Salamander diversity is also high in this corner of the woods.  This is a red eft, the juvenile stage of the Eastern Newt.

On a personal note, this has been a really special experience for me because the two classes I took at MLBS when I was an undergrad (groan, fifteen years ago!) really fostered my interest in learning more about Appalachian animals.  Field experiences like these are defining moments for most biologists, where we move out of the lecture hall and into our “real world.”  What puts the icing on the cake for a field biologist is the support of a community that understands, and even celebrates, the time we spend wandering through the woods with a notebook and a question.  

Studying their field guides by a covered bridge on Sinking Creek.

Intern Update: Feeding, Cleaning, and Sampling

Intern update

Well we have been making our summer husbandry interns work hard the last few weeks! May 23^rd we took a road trip down to Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery to pick up 2,000 juvenile sturgeon, which is their primary job this summer. We have research and conservation projects that need field work this summer as well so there is plenty to do.  It takes everyone to keep TNACI going! 

Stephen Floyd is our full-time intern this summer. Stephen comes to us from Virginia where he just graduated from Roanoke College. He has a passion for southeastern fish and is especially intrigued by Southern Appalachian Brook Trout so he is working on an independent study of this species this summer.

Stephen cleaning sturgeon trough.

Jessica holding her first sturgeon

Jessica Hubbuch is graduate student at the University of Tennessee here in Chattanooga and is working with us as a part-time intern this summer. She is currently working on some urban stream surveys with UTC and organizes their museum of biological specimens. She is working hard this summer to help TNACI organize, label and find homes for many cool specimens that we have been saving over the years from the Aquarium. Scientists are always on the lookout for preserved specimens to use as teaching tools believe it or not!

Louise McCallie and Josh Oliver are also working with TNACI this summer. They are both volunteering their time to help us a few days each week. Louise is a 2011 graduate of GPS here in Chattanooga and just finished her freshman year at Lehigh University so we are glad to have her while she is home for the summer. Josh is finishing up his biology degree at Dalton State and is helping us out one day each week to get some fisheries experience.

Whew what a crew! We are lucky to have so much good help this summer. These guys are excited to be here and ready to work hard and learn lots!

Most of the intern work has focused on caring for our lake sturgeon babies so far.  When sturgeon are so little (many of them were 1.5 cm on May 23^rd!), they need to be fed often. The first few weeks we fed four times each day so someone had to be at work at 7am and someone had to stay each evening until 8:30. Now that they are so much bigger (up to 8.5 cm!) we have reduced that to three times per day. Regardless, each time we feed there is cleaning to do. The fish eat for an hour or two with the pumps turned off and the water calm to make it easier for them to “hunt”.  If the food sits on the bottom too long it begins to degrade, which can make the water unhealthy for the small fish, so the tanks are cleaned shortly after the fish eat.  It’s a daily cycle of feeding and cleaning... much like a human baby!

We also have to sort and measure fish so all of the individuals in each tank are approximately the same size.  This minimizes competition for food. Each week we take a series of measurements on a sub-sample of fish to keep up with how fast they are growing so that we can adjust feeding amounts and make other changes as needed. At first, all 2,000 fish were in one trough tank. Currently they have been sorted into 4 tanks and as they continue to grow they will be divided into 6 troughs. This extra space helps the fish to grow but it also increases the amount of work it takes to keep everything clean. Did I mention we clean a lot?

Measuring sturgeon

Our interns also get the chance to go in the field and help with some of our conservation projects.  Last week we went to the Conasauga River to do some surveys for Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi).  Everyone paddled kayaks down the river and snorkeled in a part of the river that we had not surveyed before.  We were assessing the habitat along this stretch of river and of course, looking for our target species. Unfortunately we didn’t find any Conasauga Logperch, but there was still a lot of aquatic wildlife to be seen so we took pictures of holiday darters, tadpoles, Mobile Logperch, turtles and insects. It was a long day but worth the effort.

Evan and Louise on the Conasauga River

River Cooter

Holiday Darter 

Musk Turtle

Later this summer we will be working at the Colvard Springs restoration site and collecting fish for the Aquarium and ongoing research projects. Stay tuned to hear more about all the work we are doing this summer at TNACI while we have all this great help! 

Summer Conservation Tips

Summer is upon us and we all know what that means: time by the pool, kids home from school, and relaxing.  However, summer is also a time where conservation of resources is of utmost importance.  Don’t get me wrong, it is important to be a conservationist year-round, but certain pollution problems tend to be worse in the warmest months of the year.  So here are some tips to have some fun this summer, but feel good about the resources you are saving and the positive impact you are having on the environment.

1.  Carpool to work or other destinations.  Air quality is worse in the summer due to the warm temperatures.  One particularly hazardous air pollutant in the summer is ozone.  Ozone is important in the upper levels of the atmosphere, but in high concentrations in the lower atmosphere it can cause respiratory problems. Ozone enters the lower atmosphere when some pollutants from car emissions react with sunlight. 

2.   Wash your car on your lawn.  I know I mentioned this in a recent blog post but it’s an easy step to reducing runoff pollution. Now that spring is almost over, your car is covered in pollen.  And with summer fast approaching you want to keep your car free from bug splatter and bird droppings.  By washing your car on your lawn instead of your driveway, some of the grass and soil will prevent the dirt, grime, and soap from entering waterways.

3.  Go easy on the A.C.  Especially in the South, summers can be absolutely sweltering, and it’s tempting to turn the air conditioning way down to stay cool.  If you are in the South, the electricity for your air conditioning may be supplied by coal burning power plants.  The burning of coal sends harmful pollutants into the atmosphere and can cause other environmental problems.  The methods by which companies obtain coal are also very damaging to the environment.  While evenings are still in the low 70s, try turning off the AC at night and opening some windows.  Once it gets too warm to do that, keep the thermostat set to about 75-78 degrees.  It may seem too warm, but it will still be about 15 degrees cooler than the outside temperature.  You will also be saving money on your electric bill, and who doesn’t want to do that!?

4.  Use a rain barrel for your garden.  If you are a home gardener, try using a rain barrel to water your plants.  It’s another money saver that’s also a good conservation action.  You won’t have to pay for the water coming out of the hose. 

5.  Water your lawn at cooler times of the day.  During hot summer months, the warm temperatures increase evaporation.  To minimize evaporation and ensure you use water on your lawn more efficiently, water your lawn early in the morning or late in the evening.  

Start of Sturgeon Season 2012!

Well it’s that time of year again!  On May 23 Kathlina took our team of new interns down to Warm Spring National Fish Hatchery to pick up our baby sturgeon for the year, a little over 2,000 fish!  These are juvenile Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), a very special fish that used to be abundant in the Tennessee River.  However, due to overfishing and habitat degradation they became extirpated from Tennessee in the 1960’s.  With recent water quality improvements, TNACI has been part of a long term program dedicated to returning this fish to Tennessee waters. 

Kathlina and Carlos at Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery

Kathlina and two of our husbandry interns, Jessica and Stephen

These babies are tiny now, approximately 2-3cm (0.8-1.2 inches).  But the fish can grow to be 8 ft long and around 300 pounds!  They are also incredibly long-lived, the oldest on record being 154 years old. Your grandchildren may encounter these baby fish in the future!  Since the start of this project, around 100,000 Lake Sturgeon have been released into the Tennessee River.

The fish that we picked up today will be housed at our husbandry warehouse until they are approximately 6 months old.  In the fall we will release them into the Tennessee or Cumberland River.  Stay tuned over the summer to hear updates on our sturgeon nursery!